On the Function and Evolution of Sleep Essay -- Biology Essays Researc

On the Function and Evolution of Sleep On the off chance that physiologists gave the most research time to practices people occupied with the most, we would presumably have a full comprehension of the organic reason for rest. All things considered, people, except for most undergrads, burn through 33% of their lives in a lethargic state. In spite of its crucial job in human and creature life, rest is, even during a time when neuroscience has diminished numerous practices to neurological components, still very baffling. What procedures are occurring during rest that advantage the living being? Why invest such a great amount of energy in an inert and helpless state? That these inquiries haven't been completely addressed is truly not an element of an absence of exertion with respect to researchers, yet rather of the troubles natural in contemplating rest. It is anything but difficult to watch the mischief that is done to a human or creature denied of rest. A rodent kept from resting will lose the capacity to keep up internal heat level and pass on in around three weeks, demonstrating no proof of physiological harm (1). In people, lack of sleep hinders thinking and smothers the insusceptible framework. Be that as it may, why this weakening happen is less clear, and the object of differing hypotheses. This article will attempt to clarify the capacity of rest dependent on what is currently known, and endeavor to reveal insight into the reasons and instruments for its development. An examination of the control, and maybe the cause, of rest may best start with the nerve center, a level, even structure in the mind that is known to assume a significant job. Harm to the back segment of the nerve center causes sluggishness, showing that when flawless, it supports sharpness (1). Interestingly, harm to the forward portion indu... ...t recommends that a portion of the circuits utilized in tactile gathering and preparing likewise capacity to set up and look after memory, and that the two capacities can't be accomplished all the while. Rest dodges this constraint, and is along these lines an all around adjusted conduct. WWW Sources 1)Scientific American In Focus http://www.sciam.com/missing.cfm 2)Sleep and Memory: Evolutionary Perspectives http://bisleep.medsch.ucla.edu/SRS/publications.htm 3)REM Sleep = Dreaming: Only a Dream http://bisleep.medsch.ucla.edu/SRS/rosenlicht-feinberg.htm 4)Birds May Refine Their Songs While Sleeping ,Science Magazine article http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/282/5397/2163 Extra Resources Conversation on Sleep Evolution ,Scientific American article http://www.sciam.com/missing.cfm The Journal Rest http://www.stanford.edu/dept/rest/diary/

Modified Insertion Sort Algorithm: Binary Search Technique

Adjusted Insertion Sort Algorithm: Binary Search Technique Adjusted Insertion Sort Algorithm with Binary Search Technique: Application to Ranking of Images Retrieved by CBIR M. K. I. Rahmani M. A. Ansari Abstractâ€Due to the bounty of the excellent advanced pictures in picture stores of enormous size on the consistently developing Internet by big business houses, examine foundations, clinical social insurance associations and scholastic organizations and so forth., finding a lot of valuable pictures from those picture storehouses with better exactness and review is a troublesome undertaking. Content Based Image Retrieval is a proficient innovation for recovery of computerized pictures from those databases. The procedure of picture recovery through CBIR has different stages like: Image division, Feature extraction, Indexing, Clustering, Image coordinating through closeness estimation and Ranking of recovered pictures through requesting them as indicated by likeness esteem. The presentation of a Content Based Image Retrieval framework can be improved by improving the exhibition of a few or these stages through planning better calculations. Positioning of the Image information is imp erative to show the ideal pictures to the expected clients. Pictures are recovered by the coordinating standards was associated with the recovery procedure. Recovered pictures are requested before they are shown. For this positioning of the recovered pictures are acquired through some simple and effective arranging calculation. Inclusion sort is one of such calculations however it is moderate in view of consecutive pursuit procedure used to locate the real situation of the following key component into the arranged bit of information. In this paper we have adjusted the inclusion sort calculation by utilizing a novel method of utilizing twofold quest system for finding the arranged area of the following key thing into the recently arranged segment of the information speedier than traditional addition sort calculation. Execution on running time of the new calculation has been contrasted and those of other ordinary arranging calculations. The outcomes acquired on picture coordinating pa rameter show that the new calculation is preferable in execution over the customary inclusion sort and consolidation sort calculations. Execution of this calculation is practically identical to that of brisk sort. Thus, the new calculation will improve the general execution of Content Based Image Retrieval frameworks. File Termsâ€Algorithm, Binary inquiry, Sequential hunt, Insertion sort, Rahmani sort, Ranking, Image Ranking I. Presentation Numerous upgrades have been presented in looking and arranging calculations during the most recent decade. Arranging is the way toward organizing the components in some arranged grouping which can be either in climbing, plunging or lexicographic request [1]. Looking is the procedure of finding the area of a key component or thing in a database or a document. It is assessed that over 25% of all registering time is spent on arranging the keys and a few establishments spending over half of their processing time in arranging records [2]. In actuality there has been done a lot of research on the subject of arranging looking [3]. Be that as it may, there is certifiably not a solitary arranging method which can be viewed as the best among the rest [2]. Air pocket sort, determination sort and trade sort are relevant for little info size, addition sort for medium information size though snappy sort, combine sort and store sort are pertinent for an application anticipating that huge should imm ense information size [4, 5, 6]. The entirety of the above arranging calculations are correlation based calculations and henceforth can be no quicker than O(nlog2n) [5, 6], where O and n have their typical implications. In this paper another improved arranging calculation has been presented which shows more productivity than the addition sort and other arranging calculations like air pocket sort, snappy sort and union sort. The method utilized for the upgrade in addition sort is use of improved double pursuit, adjusted from parallel hunt, through which the area of the following component to be put in the arranged left sub exhibit can be discovered more rapidly than the regular successive inquiry used to find that area. The whole paper is sorted out in the accompanying way. In area II, the bit by bit strategy for the inclusion sort is clarified after some foundation business related to arranging procedure. The other arranging calculations like union sort and fast sort are clarified in segment III. The new arranging calculation, Rahmani sort is presented and talked about in area IV. The investigation of Rahmani sort is done in area V. Results and correlation of execution of different arranging calculations have been talked about in even structures in segment VI alongside the graphical portrayal of the exhibition of different arranging calculations. At long last the ends have been drawn and future extent of the exploration is referenced in the segment VII. Arranging Arranging is a procedure of organizing the accessible information things into an arranged succession. The realized arranged groupings have been expanding request, diminishing request, non-expanding request, non-diminishing request and lexicographic request. The way toward arranging is applied to an assortment of things before any such activity which may devour additional time and additionally space whenever applied without earlier arranging. Meaning of Sorting Officially an arranging procedure can be characterized dependent on fractional request connection. The meaning of incomplete request is given as underneath. Definition 1. Leave R alone a connection on a set S. For a, b, c à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ S, if R is: a) Reflexive, for example aRa for each a à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ S; b) Transitive, for example aRb ∠§ bRc â‡' aRc; and c) Antisymmetric, for example aRb ∠§ bRa â‡' a = b, at that point, R is a halfway request on set S. Arranging is commonly characterized as a game plan of a rundown of haphazardly input information by their key or themselves into a fractional request R, where R infers ≠¤ especially. Definition 2. For N components a(1), a(2), , a(N) à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ S, arranging is a modification of the components so as to get a halfway request a(si) R a(si+1) for ∀si, 1 ≠¤ si a(s1) ≠¤ a(s2) ≠¤ , ≠¤ a(si) ≠¤ , ≠¤ a(sN) Significance of arranging in calculation There are two direct utilizations of arranging: first as a guide for looking and second as an apparatus to coordinate sections in documents. Expansive zones of use of arranging fall in the arrangement of numerous other progressively complex issues, from database frameworks, organizing, MIS, activities research and streamlining issues. Arranging calculation is one of the most basic procedures in software engineering as a result of the accompanying reasons. In the first place, it is the premise of numerous different calculations, for example, looking, design coordinating, data recovery, information based frameworks, computerized channels, database frameworks, information measurements and handling, information warehousing, and information correspondences [1]. Second, it assumes a significant job in the instructing of plan and examination of calculations, programming system, information structures and programming. Besides, it is an extremely testing issue which has been generally and com pletely examined [19-24]; the exhibition is drastically improved [25-30] and considered the lower-bound of multifaceted nature has been reached [19, 20, 29, 30]. It is evaluated that over 25% of all figuring time is gone through on arranging with certain establishments spending over half of their registering time in arranging documents. Thus, investigation of arranging calculations has extraordinary significance in the field of registering. A decent skill of understanding of the hypothetical complexities engaged with the plan and examination of the hidden arranging calculation is a lot of expected of an individual who needs to actualize the calculation, in actuality, applications. A Need of Sorting Algorithm with Reduced Complexity Tragically, there is no any single arranging procedure which might be known as the best among the rest. Air pocket sort, addition sort, choice sort and trade sort are appropriate for input information of little to medium size while brisk sort, consolidate sort and pile sort are material for an application anticipating that enormous should immense information size. These arranging calculations are caparison based and henceforth can be no quicker than O (n log n). There are a couple of calculations professing to run in direct time yet for specific instance of information. In this way, there is a dire need of another arranging calculation which might be executed for all information and it might likewise beat the lower bound (O (n log n)) of the issue of arranging. This work is an exertion toward that path. What is an arranging calculation? Arranging is a procedure of orchestrating the accessible information things into an arranged succession. An arranging calculation is a lot of steps organized in a specific succession that places the accessible information things into a specific request. The notable arranged successions have been expanding request, diminishing request, non-expanding request, non-diminishing request and lexicographic request. A productive arranging component is critical to enhancing the plan of different calculations that require arranged information things to work accurately. Notable arranged groupings Let r1, r2, r3, †¦ rn, be n number of information things. At that point any of the accompanying conditions must be fulfilled for the information things to be in an arranged grouping. Expanding request: For every one of the 1 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢ £ I à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢ £ n, ri à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¼ ri+1. Diminishing request: For every one of the 1 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢ £ I à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢ £ n, ri à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¾ ri+1. Non-diminishing request: For every one of the 1 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢ £ I à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢ £ n, ri à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢ £ ri+1. Non-expanding request: For every one of the 1 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢ £ I à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢ £ n, ri à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢ ³ ri+1. Lexicographic request: This is the request where all the expressions of the English language are organized in a word reference. II. Foundation Work A. Fundamental Concepts Arranging [1] is a procedure of adjusting the accessible information things into an arranged succession. An arranged grouping can be any of the known arranged successions: expanding request, diminishing request, non-expanding request, non-decre

Fantasy Publishers Who Want Your Manuscript (No Agent Required)

Fantasy Publishers Who Want Your Manuscript (No Agent Required) Authors of science fiction and fantasy, both aspiring and previously published, can submit work to a number of publishing companies that will consider unsolicited manuscripts. While most of these companies are smaller independent firms, a few are imprints of major players in the publishing industry. Whatever the case, these are reputable companies who provide authors with legitimate opportunities to have their work released. The odds for acceptance can, of course, be daunting due to the enormous volume of submissions all around, but these publishers will follow through with the authors they accept.These companies provide full-service publishingâ€"marketing, distribution, sales, etc. They produce in-print and electronic formats, and some also offer their titles as audiobooks. All have helpful websites with clear submission guidelines.I have listed below most of the prominent companies that accept unsolicited works of science fiction and fantasy. The publishers are listed in alphabetic al order and their respective websites are provided. It is important to note that there are undoubtedly other publishers who provide similar services, but these are among the best. Moreover, because a number of publishers who have offered these services in the past are not currently accepting unsolicited submissions, or have in fact completely discontinued accepting unsolicited work, it follows that I have not included them in this list.There are multiple fantasy publishers who will consider your work for publication, no agent required! Photo by Johannes Plenio on Unsplash.BaenBaen Books is a long-time publisher of science fiction and fantasy works, releasing titles in hard copy and electronic format. The company prefers manuscripts with 100,000-130,000 words, but will make the occasional exception for shorter works of exceptional quality. Baen does not require queries, preferring instead to receive full-length manuscripts with synopses included. It should be noted, though, that the wait time for a response is longer than would be expected at most other publishers, stretching to as much as a year. With editorial offices located in Wake Forest, North Carolina, Baen is distributed by Simon Schuster in both the U.S. and Canada.DAW BooksDAW Books, an imprint of Penguin, is a distinguished publisher of science fiction and fantasy. When the company was founded by Donald and Elsie Wollheim in 1971, it was the first publisher committed solely to the genres. Many acclaimed authors of science fiction and fantasy enjoyed initial success as writers for DAW. The company is also proud of its comprehensive record of diversity, welcoming and publishing works from and about minorities, LGBTQIA, etc. DAW reviews only full-length manuscripts, almost always with a minimum of 80,000 words. The submissions must be exclusive, although that stipulation may be dropped if specific negotiations have been completed with a literary agent, or if the manuscript review lasts longer than thr ee months.EdgeBased in Calgary, Canada, Edge Science Fiction and Fantasy Publishing specializes in publishing full-length manuscripts, as well as anthologies and collections. The company releases titles in paperback and e-book formats only. It has a large roster of authors, many of whom have been grant and award winners or nominees. The company requires that submissions number between 75,000 and 100,000 words, and it will not consider any submission that includes more than three sample chapters. Response time can be as long as three months.Immanion PressImmanion Press is looking for new works of science fiction and fantasy from both aspiring and published writers. The company was established in 2003 and is located in Stafford, UK. To be considered, manuscripts must number between 50,000 and 120,000 words. Immanion prefers that submissions are sent electronically and that no more than 30 pages of text are sent initially.Jo Fletcher BooksLocated in London, UK, Jo Fletcher Books publis hes in a number of genres, but will accept unsolicited submissions only in the genres of science fiction, fantasy, and horror. While not one of the largest publishers in these genres, the company nonetheless boasts a strong roster of writers, many of whom are award winners. Released in hard copy and as e-books, some of the titles are also available as audiobooks. Submissions will be accepted by email only and must not be more than 10,000 words or the first three chapters of a book.Jolly Fish PressLocated in Mendota Heights, Minnesota, Jolly Fish Press was founded in 2011 and became an imprint of North Star Editions in 2016. The company publishes primarily in paperback and e-book formats. It specializes solely in middle-school and young adult books, and science fiction is among the genres that it accepts. Submissions must be sent electronically and must include three chapters of the book plus a concise synopsis.Literary WanderlustLiterary Wanderlust was founded in 2014 and is located in Denver, Colorado. The company publishes works in several genres and most full-length manuscripts must range between 65,000 and 100,00 words. However, any science fiction or fantasy that might interest the publisher will only be reviewed if the manuscripts are somewhat longer. There are no length restrictions for non-fiction and short stories.Montag Press CollectiveLocated in San Francisco, California, Montag Press publishes novels and plays in a comprehensive variety of fiction genres, including science fiction and fantasy. The company releases its works primarily in paperback and e-book formats. Montag will only consider completed, full-length mauscripts, with novels numbering at least 70,000 words and plays numbering between 90 and 140 pages. All submissions must include a full synopsis of the work.Polis BooksFounded in 2013 by Jason Pinter, a veteran publishing-industry professional, and located in New York City, Polis Books is an independent publisher that releases new works in a variety of genres, including science fiction and fantasy. Because the company receives an inordinately large amount of submissions it limits its responses only to those queries that generate significant interest. Submissions should include three chapters from the novel. Polis publishes in both hard copy and digital formats and is distributed by Publishers Group West, the largest distributor for independent publishers in the U.S.Quirk BooksQuirk Books, founded in 2002, is a boutique publisher that releases only 25 books per year, both in hard copy and digitally. Located in Philadelphia, the company publishes works in several different genres, including science fiction. It will consider digital inquiries only and does not specify in its submission guidelines a range for the number of words in manuscripts that it accepts.Stairway PressStairway Press is an independent publisher located in Apache Junction, Arizona. The company seeks quality manuscripts in several genres, including science fiction. Although it is a full-service company like the other indie publishers, Stairway asks aspiring authors to submit manuscripts with an accompanying marketing plan. The company does not place a limit on the number of words in a submission.Talos PressTalos Press, an imprint of Skyhorse Publishing, specializes in science fiction, fantasy, and horror. Founded in 2013 and located in New York City, a number of its authors have written best sellers or been considered for Nebula Awards. Although the company requires only one or two chapters in initial submissions, authors must be prepared to send a completed manuscript if Talos contacts them for follow-up. Response time is generally four to six weeks if the company is interested in an author.Tartarus PressOn its website, Tartarus Press does not mention science fiction as one of the specific genres that it publishes. The company does however release titles in related genres, such supernatural and horror, and is looking for manu scripts of 75,000-120,000 words. Submissions can be sent electronically or by regular mail and should not exceed three chapters of a novel.Tell-Tale PublishingFounded in 2009 and located in the small town of Swartz Creek, Michigan, Tell-Publishing publishes works of fiction, including science fiction and fantasy, under several imprints. The company releases titles in print, e-book, and audiobook formats. Tell-Tale has a full page on its website that contains explicit instructions on how to ensure proper grammar and punctuation in any submission. Authors are also required to fill out a submission form and must not initially send more than three chapters of a book.The Parliament HouseBased in south Florida, The Parliament House was founded in 2016 by Shayne Leighton, a marketing professional and former best-selling author on Amazon. The company specializes in quirky, cutting-edge fantasy and will consider manuscripts only if they have already been meticulously edited and are between 5 0,000 and 140,000 words. Submissions must include the first three chapters of the novel and everything must be printed in the body of an email that includes no attachments.

Essay on Musical Performance Anxiety - 2224 Words

Musical performance anxiety (MPA) is a deleterious phenomenon that affects musicians of all ages and performance abilities. There are a number of musicians who experience great joy and exhilaration when performing, but for other musicians, performing can elicit feelings of dread, terror, or fright. In many cases, MPA can be so severe that symptoms noticeably disrupt performances, or end careers. MPA is stimulated by performing or being in front of an audience, and results from anticipating a negative evaluation. MPA, in its most recent definition, is typically understood as resulting from a combination of three disparate, but interacting phenomena: psychological arousal, behavioral alterations, and fearful thoughts. Currently,†¦show more content†¦CHAPTER 1 A SUMMARY OF BEHAVIORAL MODIFICATION TREATMENTS FOR THOSE SUFFERING WITH MUSICAL PERFORMANCE ANXIETY Behavioral treatments aimed at reducing the amount of anxiety produced from a performance environment have produced observable behavior changes in individuals with MPA—especially in the areas of anxiety reduction, and self-perception. Bandura, as cited by Kendrick et al. states that â€Å"behavioral intervention procedures change defensive behaviors by altering perceptions of self-efficacy.† Meichenbaum, also cited by Kendrick et al. states as a caveat to psychological treatment of anxiety disorders that therapies are only â€Å"effective to the extent that they alter covert self-instructions.† Behavioral modifications in those with MPA, according to authors, may be an effective method in which to do this. The importance of altering behavioral tendencies in those with MPA is imperative, according to authors, because there are a number of behavioral responses indicative of the disorder. Such behaviors include: worrying about the individual’s own performan ce, in addition to how well others are doing, ruminating over alternative responses to their current behaviors, becoming preoccupied with feelings of inadequacy, anticipation ofShow MoreRelatedThe Difficulty of Assessing Musical Performance Essay1156 Words   |  5 PagesThe difficulty of assessing musical performance Musical Performance poses many difficulties in terms of assessment. In a maths exam there is typically one answer to a problem but there are many ways to perform a Beethoven symphony, a contemporary song, a traditional tune or a jazz piece. Obviously basic concepts for a musical performance must be observed but each individual’s interpretation is likely to be different. Therefore one person’s assessment of a performance may differ to another’s. AsRead MoreMusic Therapy And Its Effect On The Levels Of Anxiety And Stress1327 Words   |  6 Pagesrelaxation, and receptive music therapy. Through musical elements such as rhythm, melody, and harmony the therapist and client can develop a relationship that can improve the proper communication that can be helpful to those who find it difficult to express themselves in words and or overcome negative emotions that he/she may be experiencing. The purpose of this paper is to determine if Music therapy has the ability to low er the levels of anxiety and stress in an individual. The advantages ofRead MoreAnalyzing Musicians Thoughts And Perceptions During Performance1084 Words   |  5 PagesExamining Musicians’ Thoughts and Perceptions During Performance If musicians performed in a closed setting with sufficient preparation of the music to be performed and adequate levels of self-efficacy, this might be enough to guarantee performance success (Clark, Lisboa, Williamon, 2014). But performances do not occur in such situations; they take place in lively, open environments comprised of many factors or variables over which musicians employ little or no control. So, what effect do a musician’sRead MoreOliver Twist : The Musical1050 Words   |  5 PagesWhile it is important to examine the performers and how they affect the overall performance, it is also equally indispensable to look at an in depth analysis of the audience of Oliver Twist: The Musical and how the audience members play a role in the performance as well due to their own experiences and attitudes regarding the selected text. Starting with a demographic analysis (or examining the audience according to the groups or populations they represent) of the audience, as an au dience memberRead MoreCan Music Therapy Improve Stress Anxiety1461 Words   |  6 PagesCan Music Therapy Improve Stress Anxiety In Patients? 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Analysis Of John Steinbeck s The Grapes Of Wrath

John Steinbeck was born in 1902 in Salinas, California. After he graduated high school, he attended Stanford University, but never graduated. In 1925 Steinbeck went to New York to establish himself as a free-lance writer for a little while, but it didn’t work out so he went back to California. He published a few short stories and novels for a while. Then in 1935 he was discovered with Tortilla Flat, a series of humorous stories. Steinbeck’s novels are based on economic problems of labor. After the humorous Tortilla Flat, Steinbeck decided to write a more serious novel, In Dubious Battle, in 1936. It deals with the strikes of the migratory fruit pickers on California plantations. Then in 1937 Of Mice and Men was published. Later, The Long Valley, was published in 1938. In 1939 The Grapes of Wrath was published, the story of Oklahoma tenant farmers who couldn’t earn enough money for a living, so they moved to California and became migratory workers. After a while he wrote East of Eden in 1952, The Winter of Our Discontent in 1961, and Travels with Charley in 1962. Steinbeck wrote those three stories while traveling in a three-month tour through 40 American states. During this tour, he died in New York City in 1968. Modernism is a cultural movement that generally includes art, architecture, music, literature, and design which emerged before 1914. It was a movement of artist and designers who rebelled against late19th century historicist traditions, andShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of John Steinbeck s The Grapes Of Wrath 1554 Words   |  7 Pagescontrast the novel and the movie to show how the messages can be changed when they are put into different medium. After finishing the novel and the movie I would point out that The Grapes of Wrath Novel by John Steinbeck is does a better job capturing an image plus showing messages from back then than the movie by John Ford in many ways. The novel demonstrated various significant rhetorical messages that can be found that were not in the movie, although the novel and the movie had many significantRead MoreAnalysis Of John Steinbeck s The Grapes Of Wrath And Of Mice And Men 1433 Words   |  6 Pagesimportant things in life are love and beauty, whic h bring joy to the process of living. These answers are the philosophy of John Steinbeck † (Benson 555). John Steinbeck was a major American writer who has written many books, which have come to be known as classic American stories. Examples of these classic stories are The Grapes of Wrath, The Red Pony, and Of Mice and Men. John Steinbeck is worthy of the praise he has received for his contributions to American literature because he added a new genre asRead More The Pain of the Okies Exposed in The Grapes of Wrath Essay1485 Words   |  6 PagesThe Pain of the Okies Exposed in The Grapes of Wrath      Ã‚  Ã‚   The Dust bowl was an ecological and human disaster in the Southwestern Great Plains regions of the United States in the 1930s. The areas affected were Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, and Colorado. The poor handling of the land and years of drought caused this great disaster (Jones History). During this time the Okies--a name given to the migrants that traveled from Oklahoma, Texas, Kansas, or anywhere in the Southwest or the northernRead MoreEssay about The Grapes of Wrath - Lifestyle in the 1930s1164 Words   |  5 PagesThe Grapes of Wrath is a historical and fictional novel that was written by John Steinbeck in 1939. He wanted to show his point of view of life in US during the years of Great Depression. This essay will talk about the lifestyle the public had during that time which dramatically changed conditions that the environment in we stern part of US had. The plot of Steinbeck?s work of fiction is rooted in the historical and social events of 1930s America, specifically the environmental disaster in OklahomaRead MoreThe Grapes Of Wrath By John Steinbeck1075 Words   |  5 PagesKirsten Lloyd Mr. Eldridge AP Junior English 21 August 2014 Grapes of Wrath â€Å"Sometimes even to live is an act of courage.† (Seneca), In the 1939 novel, The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck, the reader accompanies the Joad family as they struggle to escape the crippling Dust Bowl of the mid- 1930’s. In hopes of establishing a new life for themselves after being forced off their land the family embark on a journey from Oklahoma to California in search of fruitful crops and steady work alongRead MoreThe Grapes of Wrath: The Role of Ma Joad1252 Words   |  6 PagesThrough the roughest times in life, we come across crises that reveal the true character in those around us. Those who are strong are divided from the weak and the followers divide from the leaders. In the novel, The Grapes of Wrath, author John Steinbeck presents the character Ma Joad who serves an important role as the rock that keeps the family together. The Joad family, apart from many families in Oklahoma, is forced to leave their homes in search of work and better opportuni ties; CaliforniaRead MoreThe Use of Symbolism in The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck1052 Words   |  5 PagesThe Use of Symbolism in The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck The Grapes of Wrath is a novel by John Steinbeck that in my opinion illustrates the terrible conditions under which the migratory farm families of America during the 1930s were forced to live under. This novel in a very descriptive and emotional way tells of one familys migration west to California from Oklahoma (the Joad family) through the great economic depression of the 1930s. The story revolves around the family having toRead MoreThe Grapes Of Wrath By John Steinbeck1093 Words   |  5 Pages In John Steinbeck s The Grapes of Wrath, Tom Joad and his family are forced from their home during the 1930’s Oklahoma Dust Bowl and set out for California along with thousands of others in search of jobs, land, and hope for a brighter future. The Grapes of Wrath is Steinbeck’s way to expound about the injustice and hardship of real migrants during the Depression-era. He utilizes accurate factual information, somber imagery, and creates pathos, allowing readers connections to the Joad’s plightRead MoreThe Grapes Of Wrath By John Steinbeck1174 Words   |  5 PagesCody Kunzman 10/26/2014 The Grapes of Wrath Paper â€Å"The Grapes of Wrath† written by John Steinbeck is a classic America novel to say the least. Not only did he create such an inspiring and detailed story line but it was followed up by an Oscar nominated film directed by John Ford. The similarities and differences within the book and the film are very controversial and being able to break down what all happened in each will help a rhetorical analysis to take place in this paper. Rhetorically speakingRead MoreStruggle for Survival in the Grapes of Wrath2273 Words   |  10 PagesStruggle for Survival in The Grapes of Wrath The 1930s were a time of hardship for many across the United States. Not only was the Great Depression making it difficult for families to eat every day, but the Dust Bowl swept through the plains states making it nearly impossible to farm the land in which they relied. John Steinbeck saw how the Dust Bowl affected farmers, primarily the tenant farmers, and journeyed to California after droves of families. These families were dispossessed from the farms Analysis Of John Steinbeck s The Grapes Of Wrath When you think about all of the greatest movies in todays society you can about imagine that they came from books. The only problem with that is the movie, most of the time does not follow the book perfectly. This then changes how someone seeks to understand the overall messages the book wants you to take away from it and are therefore lost. The reason I am writing this is to compare and contrast the novel and the movie to show how the messages can be changed when they are put into different medium. After finishing the novel and the movie I would point out that The Grapes of Wrath Novel by John Steinbeck is does a better job capturing an image plus showing messages from back then than the movie by John Ford in many ways. The novel demonstrated various significant rhetorical messages that can be found that were not in the movie, although the novel and the movie had many significant similarities and differences between them, they were clearly noticeable and picked up on right away, af ter getting familiarized with both the mediums it is clear which one is a better candidate to choose between. In the Novel The Grapes of Wrath, John Steinbeck portrays many rhetorical messages through out the book. One of those messages has to do with the gender roles in who took the leadership of the family. Ma Joad took the reign of the leader of the family since Pa Joad was too weak from all that has happened to him and his land he lost. â€Å"She walked for the family and held her head straightShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of John Steinbeck s The Grapes Of Wrath 1594 Words   |  7 Pages John Steinbeck was born in 1902 in Salinas, California. After he graduated high school, he attended Stanford University, but never graduated. In 1925 Steinbeck went to New York to establish himself as a free-lance writer for a little while, but it didn’t work out so he went back to California. He published a few short stories and novels for a while. Then in 1935 he was discovered with Tortilla Flat, a series of humorous stories. Steinbeck’s novels are based on economic problems of labor. AfterRead MoreAnalysis Of John Steinbeck s The Grapes Of Wrath And Of Mice And Men 1433 Words   |  6 Pagesimportant things in life are love and beauty, which bring joy to the process of living. These answers are the philosophy of John Steinbeck † (Benson 555). John Steinbeck was a major American writer who has written many books, which have come to be known as classic American stories. Examples of these classic stories are The Grapes of Wrath, The Red Pony, and Of Mice and Men. John Steinbeck is worthy of the praise he has received for his contributions to American literature because he added a new genre asRead More The Pain of the Okies Exposed in The Grapes of Wrath Essay1485 Words   |  6 PagesThe Pain of the Okies Exposed in The Grapes of Wrath      Ã‚  Ã‚   The Dust bowl was an ecological and human disaster in the Southwestern Great Plains regions of the United States in the 1930s. The areas affected were Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, and Colorado. The poor handling of the land and years of drought caused this great disaster (Jones History). During this time the Okies--a name given to the migrants that traveled from Oklahoma, Texas, Kansas, or anywhere in the Southwest or the northernRead MoreEssay about The Grapes of Wrath - Lifestyle in the 1930s1164 Words   |  5 PagesThe Grapes of Wrath is a historical and fictional novel that was written by John Steinbeck in 1939. He wanted to show his point of view of life in US during the years of Great Depression. This essay will talk about the lifestyle the public had during that time which dramatically changed conditions that the environment in we stern part of US had. The plot of Steinbeck?s work of fiction is rooted in the historical and social events of 1930s America, specifically the environmental disaster in OklahomaRead MoreThe Grapes Of Wrath By John Steinbeck1075 Words   |  5 PagesKirsten Lloyd Mr. Eldridge AP Junior English 21 August 2014 Grapes of Wrath â€Å"Sometimes even to live is an act of courage.† (Seneca), In the 1939 novel, The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck, the reader accompanies the Joad family as they struggle to escape the crippling Dust Bowl of the mid- 1930’s. In hopes of establishing a new life for themselves after being forced off their land the family embark on a journey from Oklahoma to California in search of fruitful crops and steady work alongRead MoreThe Grapes of Wrath: The Role of Ma Joad1252 Words   |  6 PagesThrough the roughest times in life, we come across crises that reveal the true character in those around us. Those who are strong are divided from the weak and the followers divide from the leaders. In the novel, The Grapes of Wrath, author John Steinbeck presents the character Ma Joad who serves an important role as the rock that keeps the family together. The Joad family, apart from many families in Oklahoma, is forced to leave their homes in search of work and better opportuni ties; CaliforniaRead MoreThe Use of Symbolism in The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck1052 Words   |  5 PagesThe Use of Symbolism in The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck The Grapes of Wrath is a novel by John Steinbeck that in my opinion illustrates the terrible conditions under which the migratory farm families of America during the 1930s were forced to live under. This novel in a very descriptive and emotional way tells of one familys migration west to California from Oklahoma (the Joad family) through the great economic depression of the 1930s. The story revolves around the family having toRead MoreThe Grapes Of Wrath By John Steinbeck1093 Words   |  5 Pages In John Steinbeck s The Grapes of Wrath, Tom Joad and his family are forced from their home during the 1930’s Oklahoma Dust Bowl and set out for California along with thousands of others in search of jobs, land, and hope for a brighter future. The Grapes of Wrath is Steinbeck’s way to expound about the injustice and hardship of real migrants during the Depression-era. He utilizes accurate factual information, somber imagery, and creates pathos, allowing readers connections to the Joad’s plightRead MoreThe Grapes Of Wrath By John Steinbeck1174 Words   |  5 PagesCody Kunzman 10/26/2014 The Grapes of Wrath Paper â€Å"The Grapes of Wrath† written by John Steinbeck is a classic America novel to say the least. Not only did he create such an inspiring and detailed story line but it was followed up by an Oscar nominated film directed by John Ford. The similarities and differences within the book and the film are very controversial and being able to break down what all happened in each will help a rhetorical analysis to take place in this paper. Rhetorically speakingRead MoreStruggle for Survival in the Grapes of Wrath2273 Words   |  10 PagesStruggle for Survival in The Grapes of Wrath The 1930s were a time of hardship for many across the United States. Not only was the Great Depression making it difficult for families to eat every day, but the Dust Bowl swept through the plains states making it nearly impossible to farm the land in which they relied. John Steinbeck saw how the Dust Bowl affected farmers, primarily the tenant farmers, and journeyed to California after droves of families. These families were dispossessed from the farms

Shadowing Report Free Essays

string(57) " book and sadly it ended up with a non-ideal resolution\." Shadowing Report Interview Date: 04. 08. 2012 Interview Time: 1:00pm Shadowing Date: 04. We will write a custom essay sample on Shadowing Report or any similar topic only for you Order Now 12. 2012 Shadowing Time: 8:30am – 2:00pm The person I chose to shadow for this assignment is John Smith who is a friend of mine. He, himself has been in the management profession for the past 4 years or so starting at Pizza Hut. According to him, he worked at Pizza Hut for about six years and was originally hired as a driver. Due to a car accident, the management opportunity fell into his lap and he began training as a shift manager. He moved his way up quickly to become the acting Store Manager, although he says his official title was Assistant Store Manager. He worked for Pizza Hut for a total of 6 years with half of those years in the management position before finally pursuing another job in another city. That job was with Mighty Taco, Inc, which I’m sure you have heard of because the restaurant is a staple to the Buffalo area. He then packed up himself and his family from the Rochester area to move here to accept the position. I asked him why he made that move and he said it was so his wife could get help with their newborn daughter while she went back to school. He said that it was actually his wife who found the listing for the job in the newspaper and encouraged him to send in his resume. Because of his experience with management when working at Pizza Hut, he was essentially hired after one interview. He has now worked for Mighty Taco as a Manager for almost a year and he works with other Managers, including Shift Managers, Managers and General Managers, and crew members. Mighty Taco, Inc, as I mentioned before, is a staple to the Buffalo area that was founded in 1973. The almost 40-year old company describes itself as being synonymous with fast, delicious, Buffalo-style Mexican food and has about 20 different locations. The first Mighty Taco opened up in Buffalo, NY at 1247 Hertel Ave on August 31, 1973, and although that location is no longer around, the company has made its name for itself within the Buffalo community. The restaurants have what you would expect from a fast-food Mexican chain in that they primarily sell tacos and burritos, but with a twist. They have specials such as the â€Å"Roastito† which consists of chicken breast or steak in a tortilla with roasted peppers and onions, cheese and sour cream, the â€Å"El Nino Burrito† which has half a pound of ground beef in it and the â€Å"Mighty Fish Taco† which consists of a battered fish filet, lettuce, tomato cheese and tartar sauce or salsa. One of the things that I believe makes the company so unique is there unusual advertisements. I remember when I first moved to this area a decade ago and saw my first Mighty Taco commercial on the TV. I must say that it weirded me out, but the advertisements have grown on me over the years and I appreciate their uniqueness. From the chanting of â€Å"Mighty Taco, Mighty Taco, Mighty Taco† to â€Å"Buf-Mex at its Best† the company has won the hearts of all within this area. One might think that working in a fast-food restaurant that education and training may not be necessary but I learned very quickly that this is far from the truth. While this may be true to be a crew member, being a manager in this industry requires the manager to be fully prepared and equipped for anything that comes to them, including training and education. When asked about such training, Steve explained that he received most of his training at his previous job at Pizza Hut. There were many training seminars and programs that he had to go through, including mock role plays and information on how to deal with various paperwork. An example of a mock role play he gave was a customer coming in complaining they found a foreign object in their food and how they would handle it. This later came into real life when one day at Mighty Taco a customer actually came up to him with a complaint of a foreign object found in their food. He said it was kind of ironic but he handled the situation by the book. He apologized profusely to the customer and offered to remake their order as well as throw in a free bag of chips and cheese. He also filled out the proper paperwork associated with the issue including the batch number of the food, time, date, etc and sent it all the main office. The customer left satisfied and the company was able to address the issue. Another situation in which he put his training in mock role play to use was with a situation with an employee. Employee subordination is something no manager likes to deal with. In fact, Steve said it is one of the more challenging part of his job because no one wants to be a disciplinarian. In this situation, an employee was directed to do dishes before he left for the day by the manager on duty to which the employee refused. The manager on duty again directed the employee to help with the dishes and again the employee refused so Steve was brought in to deal with the situation. He explained that he sat the employee down and explained to him what would happen if he refused to do the work he was assigned one more time. It would be considered insubordination and there would be repercussions of suspension or even termination. The employee still vehemently refused to do the dishes and Steve had no choice but to write up the employee and suspend him pending termination. The next day the employee was terminated. In this situation, both managers agreed that they handled it by the rule book and sadly it ended up with a non-ideal resolution. You read "Shadowing Report" in category "Essay examples" These are just many of the items that the training seminars prepare the management for. Since working for Mighty Taco, the only difference he says is that he had to re-certify his food safe certification due to more and more restaurants in the industries making the switch from Prometric to Servsafe. Managers for Mighty Taco typically work a 45 hour work week with at least 5 hours of overtime guaranteed but no more than 7 hours. They get compensated for that overtime with the typical time and a half pay. Steve says that the summer months and Christmas time tend to be busier so he more often than not pushes to the 47 hour mark during those times. The managers typically work one of two shifts, either the opening shift which is 8:30am – 5:30pm or the closing shift which is 5:00pm – 2:00am. While he does not directly work on the schedule, he does have training in making schedules due to his experiences with Pizza Hut. He is trained in making the schedules while complying with various laws associated with schedule making, like scheduling minors. In terms of choosing his work week, he says he typically just rolls with what schedule is given to him but he also gets the days he requests off without an issue. Apparently as long as he works a Monday morning inventory shift every 3 weeks and works a certain amount of open and closing shifts per period, he is free to work whenever, as long as he works 45 hours a week. When it comes to the salary ranges for the various positions within the store, it seems that Mighty Taco, on average, pays higher than other places within the field. He states that the crew members at Pizza Hut only started at minimum wage whereas the crew members at Mighty Taco start at $8 per hour, almost $1 more per hour. The Shift Managers at Mighty Taco start off at about $9. 0 per hour and the Managers start off at about $11 per hour. The General Managers get paid a salary wage that is set by Mighty Taco based upon experience and time with the company. Not only do the employees with Mighty Taco generally get paid higher, but Mighty Taco has some great benefits. For example, the Managers and General Managers get full medical insurance and the General Managers get full medi cal insurance for their families as well. The only thing Steve has to pay is the co-pays. â€Å"Health insurance is rare enough in the food industry, but to get it paid in full? That’s amazing! Steve says. He also receives a week of vacation after being with the company for a year with the maximum going to 4 weeks. Employee evaluations are something that is common to every business and Mighty Taco is no different. Raises within the company are earned through 6 month reviews. Steve explains that his second review is actually coming up because, like previously mentioned, he has been with the company for almost a year. The raises for managers is a percentage based system based upon how the store is doing, how the manager personally does and various other factors. After explaining to me how the performance evaluations are done, I quickly realize that he is talking about a Graphic Rating Scale Method that I learned about in my Human Resources class. A Graphic Rating Scale Method is the most common type of evaluation method which lists a number of traits and a range of performance for each field. Some of the various traits Steve is scored upon include time management, training and development of employees, organizational know how, communication, teamwork, etc. According to Steve, teamwork is one that he always scores high on due to his ideals on the importance of teamwork. He believes that in the service industry,your work is also dependent on other people and goes on to say, â€Å"one man cannot do the job alone and it requires teamwork to accomplish any goals for yourself and the company. † The supervisors in the company who conduct these evaluations are the General Manager of the store and the District Manager. Being a manager is something that Steve enjoys with his favorite part pertaining to the management of the employees and helping to improve them as well as himself through the hard work and effort put into the job. He, in particular, really likes working for Mighty Taco because he feels like the company respects all their employees. He says that at his previous job, he did not feel like he or the other employees received any of the respect they deserved. Being respected is key in maintaining moral and motivating employees. Although he does enjoy it, the job of a manager can be stressful at times. It is the big stuff he dreads, like the before-mentioned issues with crew members, but the little stuff is easy to deal with. Things like not having enough crew members during a busy shift or running out of a particular food or customer complaints. He says the best thing is to remain focused and to try and not let it get to you. He says that as a manager, he cannot let the stress get to him because he is the example to the crew members and must remain professional. However, once he gets home, he relieves stress by spending time with his family, specifically his 10 month old daughter, and playing video games like any typical male in their 20’s. Steve would like to stay with the company as long as he can due to the opportunities it has given him. His ultimate goal is to be a District Manager for Mighty Taco, in particular the one for the new restaurants opening up in Rochester, where he is originally from. He then jokes and says that he’ll settle for being promoted to a General Manager position for now. Overall he really likes Mighty Taco as a company and hopes to stay with them for a long time. I shadowed Steve on Thursday, April 12, 2012 during an opening shift from 8:30am to 2:00pm. This is what happened while I was there: Upon entering the store, the alarm was shut off and the ovens were turned on. From there the lights were turned on and he clocked into the system. At this point, he is the only employee in the store and arrived approximately 10 minutes before his shift started. The next employee didn’t arrive for about 15 more minutes and he is the cook, hence the ovens being turned on. His next step is to goes into the office to check the manager logs for any important information left by the previous shift’s manager. This manager log, he informs me, includes any employee interactions and write ups, and any pertinent information like any cleaning jobs that have to be done today. He tells me that one of these cleaning jobs includes cleaning out the freezer, which is not done very often. From there he pulls all the paperwork and starts to go over any checklists, like the opening checklist. He gets the sales from the previous night and how over or under it is from forecast as well as the labor yield and the cost of sales of food. With all that information written down, he then calls it in to his District Manager. The next thing he does is check all the emails for any customer complaints that came in overnight and anything that may have come in from the main office. Today in the emails, he received a complaint about missing an item on his order and he informs me that this is pretty commonplace. The next big thing he does has to deal with the money in the safe. He made sure that the deposit from the previous night is there and make sure it adds up. He also counted the change in the petty cash and called the bank with an order for more change. Once making sure that all the money is there, he then ensures that all of his other employees arrive before going to the bank. Once three more employees arrive, we go on over to the bank at about 9:00am to deposit the money and to get the coin order. Upon returning to the store, he then writes down all the information about the deposit including the credit card log. He then faxed that information over to the office. After the money is situated, he then helped the crew members with setting up the line and making sure everything is in order for the morning. He set up the soda machines, and made fun of me for saying soda rather than pop, he filled up the food wells in the line for the employees and just went around seeing what the employees needed help with. He did this until about 9:45am where he then puts the cash drawers into the register. I ask him if he prefers to work on the line or to work in the office and he tells me he’d prefer to be in the thick of things but he has to the his managerial duty. At 10:00am, he finished the checklist and essentially opens up the store for the customers. Now the day officially begins and it is quite interesting to see everyone working together in this environment. As soon as the store opens, a customer immediately comes in and I ask if this is a normal occurrence. I’m told by Steve and the employees that more often than not, customers do not start showing up until closer to 11:00am. Also at 10:00am, another employee comes in and Steve immediately directs him to do a lot check, which he tells me includes sweeping and emptying the trash outside. At 11:00am, two more employees show up and I ask Steve what is the role of all these employees. Because to me it seems there are a lot of employees but then again, I am not used to this line of work. As it stands right now there are 8 employees plus Steve and he tells me what each of their jobs are. There is a cook for the morning, but he eventually goes on to register or line depending on where he is needed. There are two employees on register up front, there are two employees on headset/cash-out on drive-thru, there are two employees dedicated to drive-thru line and two employees dedicated to the front counter line. The employees on line are broken down into wrappers and grill. I ask Steve which of these jobs he prefers to help out on and he informs me he prefers wrapping on the front counter line. He also then informs me that when the lunch rush happens at 11:30am, that I need to stay out of everyone’s way. I can only describe the lunch rush as being organized chaos. While it is extremely busy, Steve directed all his employees efficiently based upon their strengths and weaknesses. He helped out wherever he was needed and kept up morale and motivation by joking with his employees. The banter back and force is amusing but at the same time questions are being asked about appropriate conduct. For example, questions about what went on a particular taco were often shouted out as well as questions confirming what the customer wanted. Even at the store’s busiest moment while I was there, Steve kept his cool when dealing with both employees and customers alike. It seemed to me that everyone worked together efficiently in this environment, bringing about a sense of teamwork. After the lunch rush was over, which was about 1:30pm, we had a moment for me to ask him some questions about his day. I asked him how he prioritized his responsibilities during the day. He explained that there are 5 priorities set by Mighty Taco: customer service, cleanliness in customer area such as the dining room, cleanliness in the kitchen area in customer view, food preparation and food maintenance, and other cleanliness duties. He explains that anything he does throughout the day, he first takes into account the customers because he believes they are one of the most important aspects of his field. I then ask him how he decides who gets assigned to which job. He says its based upon their knowledge, skill level, time allotment and willingness to learn. He says that employees that are only there for a short time he more often than not will direct them to do a simple and quick cleaning or preparation job. I also asked him what is the most dangerous thing that has ever happened to him during his time as a manager. I got a startling response that I didn’t expect. He started off laughing and saying that he was robbed at gunpoint one time when working at Pizza Hut. Apparently one night close to closing time, a man came in following an employee demanded all the money in the register. In this situation, one that he hopes no one ever has to go through, managers are taught to comply with any and all demands of the perpetrator. Procedure states that in such an event, the police should be called as well as the immediate supervisor and District Manager and the store should be shut down. Sadly the perpetrator was not found but no one was harmed, which is the main goal in a situation like that. On that scary note, the shadowing was over and I thanked him profusely for allowing me to shadow his job and told him I would contact him with any further questions. Throughout this entire experience, I learned quite a bit of things. I have never worked in a management position before even though that is what my major is. Prior to coming back to school I have only ever worked in the Accounting world, from being a bookkeeper to working in Accounts Payable. While I would still like to stay in that section of the business world, this experience has taught me the hard work that goes into management. I hope to take these experiences and use them to further my career after I graduate, hopefully getting a position as an Accounts Payable Manager. Steve Nadig left me with some good advice for the eventuality of me becoming a manager of some sort which basically was to keep all my paperwork as organized as I can. He says that’s his least favorite part of the job and he works hard on keeping all his paperwork in order. He also states that I should try to be as unbiased as possible, which I will take to heart because I know first hand what its like to have bias get in the way of a good management decision. Overall I found this to be a wonderful experience and I’m happy for getting the chance to do so. Works Cited â€Å"What Types of Behavior Indicate Insubordination? † Small Business. 21 Apr. 2012 . â€Å"Mighty Taco. † Mighty Taco. 21 Apr. 2012 . Dessler, Gary. â€Å"Chapter 6 Performance Management and Appraisal. † A framework for human resource management. Boston: Prentice Hall, 2011. 174. How to cite Shadowing Report, Essay examples

The Role of Lenses in Optics

Lenses (optics) are devices which serve in the transmission or refraction of light as well as diverging and converging of a beam (Harris, 2002). They are illustrated by the curvature of the two optical surfaces (Harris, 2002). There are two main types of lenses, that is, concave lenses and convex lenses. Geometrical optics is also known as ray optics is used in the depiction of how light travels and this is described in terms of rays which explain the refraction and reflection of light rays (Glassner, 1992).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Role of Lenses in Optics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These two ideas share the common concept of convergence and divergence, but on the larger field, they are part of the wider field of natural sciences. The force of nature takes an upper hand in the study of optics. The forces of nature more especially light and rays help in understanding of patterns in natur e. Some of these very important aspects of lenses and geometrical optics are discussed below and bring in to light how they relate and link with each other to bring out a clearer understanding of their roles (Winston et al 2005). To begin with, in regard to lenses, there are of two types, that is, the convex lenses and the concave lenses. In the case of convex lenses, they are converging lenses that are thinner towards the edge but thicker in the middle (Harris, 2002) and they are mostly used to closely examine small objects. The distance between the object and the radius of curvature is changed in relation to the focal length when convex lens are used (Glassner, 1992). However, it is noted that images produced by the convex lenses are real. This type of lens aids in examining small objects closely, among children it is common because they use it while playing with the rays of the sun to burn small pinholes on pieces of paper and even dry leaves and chips of wood. Winston et al (200 5), acknowledges that, concave lenses are thicker towards to the edges and are thinner in the middle. Convex lenses produce virtual images which are always erect and reduced (Winston et al, 2005). According to Winston et al (2005), these images also look like they are far away than they actually are. The concave lens is diverging and therefore spreads light rays that pass through it. Its main use has been seen in spectacles and contact lenses that help correct short sightedness (Glassner, 1992). Harris (2002) proposes that the focal length relates to the concave and convex lenses because it is part of that system, when it is looked at in relation to the focal point, thus defined as the distance that exists between the place where parallel light rays converge which usually happens at infinity also called the focal point and the center of the convex lens or concave mirror (Harris, 2002) in the case of convex lens, it comes after the rays have hit the optical center of the lens, but in the case of the concave lens, the focal point lies before the rays reach the optical center (Winston et al, 2005). It is understood that a lens that has got a short focal length can see a wider view of the subject in question but with a lesser level of magnification than that that has got a longer focal length which will have a higher level of magnification (Glassner, 1992). The focal length therefore plays a major role in determining the type of lens to use.Advertising Looking for research paper on natural sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When using the lenses, there is the converging and diverging of the rays (Jahns Brenner, 2004). Diverging of rays happens when the light rays are seen to be spreading apart as they move far away into infinity when viewing an object. An object is seen by viewing the light that emanates from the object or reflected on the object and sometimes both happens. For instance in regard to the pupil of the eye, whenever an object that is close to the eye is viewed, the light rays from the object diverge as they move through the pupil into the eye (Harris, 2002). When the object is far away, for instance the sun, its rays still diverge to make it possible to see it (Winston et al, 2005). If rays are spread out then they are called divergent rays. Converging of rays happens when the rays of light emanating from different sources tend to come together and meet at a single point (Jahns Brenner, 2004). According to Glassner (1992), divergent rays occurs when the ray moves further from the optical axis, therefore, a ray is regarded as divergent or convergent depending on its relation to the optic axis. A ray that passes through the lens without any change represents the legitimate ray path (Harris, 2002). Real versus virtual image In the study of optics (Jahns Brenner, 2004), when an image is considered to be real, then light converges on that image. For real images to occ ur, objects have to be put on the outside area of the focal length of converging mirror or lenses, and then the resultant image is usually inverted. A real image can only be formed when the distance from the lens is greater than the focal length in the case of a converging lens (Harris, 2002). Images formed by cameras (the negative) together with overhead projectors are some of the examples of real images (Jahns Brenner, 2004). According to Harris, (2002), one of the striking characteristic of a virtual image is that the image is the diverging outgoings rays are from a point on the object. This means that in the mirror or lens, the image or a point on an image (Harris, 2002) will seen to be on the inside of the focal length of a converging lens. This will make the virtual image appear erect and shrunken. According to Glassner (1992), virtual images are produced by converging lenses when the object is placed inside the focal length. Therefore, the virtual image is erect and enlarged , as it is further from the lens than the object (Glassner, 1992).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Role of Lenses in Optics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The image therefore can be formed even if the rays do not meet. For example, the image of one in a mirror is an example of a virtual image because the image is just captured and copied directly as it is when one moves the mirror; no image will be in place. Concave mirrors produce real or virtual images, depending on the nearness of the objects to the concave mirror. On the contrary, convex mirrors produce virtual images of ordinary objects (Jahns Brenner 2004). There are also have concave and convex mirrors, they both reflect light and images also. The difference between both is that one curve inwards and the other outwards (Jahns Brenner, 2004) and convex mirrors have got their surfaces bulging to the source of light or object. Ideally they are also called diverging mirrors. Convex mirrors have a wider field in terms of view and they bulge outward in the middle. On the other hand, concave mirrors curve inwardly in the middle (Jahns Brenner, 2004). These two mirrors are useful in fields of safety and sciences, the concave mirror specifically in the car headlights and also make-up mirrors. The convex mirrors are mostly used for surveillance purposes in places like hallways and supermarket stalls. Glassner (1992) acknowledges that, tracing a ray of light is also possible because it helps in locating an image. For ray tracing, the illumination consequences are achieved by calculating the effects of a surface. This is done through the tracing or the tracking of the path followed by a light of ray. However, the tracing and tracking of the path of ray of light is usually done when the ray of light is bouncing off or when it is being refracted (Glassner, 1992). It also helps solve the problem caused by bending wave fronts, rays t hat may have changed direction or reflected off surfaces. Ray tracing is used in tracing radio signal through the ionosphere where the radio signals are refracted or reflected back to the earth (Glassner, 1992). The importance of this aspect is that it helps in shaping the behavior of radio signal behavior as the radio signal goes through the ionosphere. Fresnel lenses have greatly taken the place of other conventional lenses (Jahns Brenner, 2004). These lenses are characterized by a large aperture and a very short focal length. The lenses are very much thinner than the conventional lenses; they are also large and flatter.Advertising Looking for research paper on natural sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These lenses are capable of capturing light from sources and making it possible over great distances (Glassner, 1992). The lenses are in a form of many small pieces of glass put together though it seems like a single glass and characteristically very light in weight. Much of the material is removed but the surface curvature remains (Jahns Brenner, 2004). Much of the material is removed but the refractive power of the Fresnel lens is effectively maintained making it cost effective. All clearly stated, that the patterns in nature that encompass the lenses and the geographical optics surround the reflection and or refraction of rays, how lenses and mirrors work as well as how nature itself works this out. This helps in the understanding of the role of light in viewing objects. References Glassner, A. (1992). Ray Tracing: Theory and practice. Morgan Kaufmann Harris, N. (2002). Natural Sciences, Blackbirch. Sandiego Jahns, J. Brenner K. (2004). Micro optics: from Technology to Applicatio n. New York. Springer Publishers Winston, R., Welford, W., Minano, C. Benitez P. (2005). Non-imaging Optics: Referex Engineering. 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